Leisler’s Rebellion took place in New York in 1689. New York had only become an English colony in 1664 during the reign of James II. It previously had the name New Amsterdam and was part of the Dutch colony New Netherlands. After the Director-General Peter Stuyvesant surrendered to English troops, the Dutch residents were permitted to remain in the colony and were granted religious freedom. The Dutch briefly regained the colony in 1673, but it became English again under the Treaty of Westminster, which ended the third Anglo-Dutch war. The governor of the colony of New York wasn’t keen to allow an elected representative assembly, instead letting it effectively be ruled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants. In 1688 New York became a part of the Dominion of New England, governed by Sir Edmond Andros, who governed in an autocratically with no elected legislature.
Offences at Sea Act 1536
In the 14th century Edward III (1327-1377) attempted to set up how admiralty courts should deal with piracy in A Remedy where a Merchant’s Good be robbed or perished on the Sea, but these were rather vague laws and there was often the problem of overlapping jurisdictions when dealing with such a crime. It was wasn’t until the reign of Henry VIII (1509–1547) that significant anti-piracy laws were enacted. Originally titled An Act for Pirates and Robbers on the Sea issued in 1535, it was renamed The Offences of Sea Act in 1536.
This act allowed crimes such as robbery and murder to be tried as if they occurred on land. They could be tried in any county in England in any court commissioned by the king under related common law provisions for these offences. Those found guilty of piracy and treason at sea could not only be sentenced to death, but also have their lands and possessions seized.…
Navigational instruments
Astrolabe
This device is thought to have been first developed by the ancient Greeks, the term astrolabe meaning ‘star taker.’ It is a primitive inclinometer that calculates the altitude of the sun and stars to determine latitude. An astrolabe can be used for both astronomy and navigation at sea. Elaborate astrolabes can have etchings of how the sky looks at any given time or season. Sailors used this device by lining it up with the sun or a specific star, such as the North Star, in relation to the horizon in order to measure latitude vertically. This helped sailors to determine their location while at sea. Astrolabes came in a variety of shapes, such as a sphere or as flat plates and disks, and were made of metal, usually brass or iron, the former ensuring longevity at sea. A disadvantage was that astrolabes were cumbersome and could be difficult to use on the rolling deck of a ship.…
Henry Morgan
Although Henry Morgan is often called a pirate, he was really more of a privateer and soldier, only attacking the Spanish and usually not without a commission. At lot of information about Morgan comes from Alexander Exquemelin, who sailed with him as a surgeon. Most of this information was not very flattering, generally portraying the buccaneer leader in a negative light and accusing him of deeds that were not necessarily true. Among other things, Exquemelin claimed that Morgan was born poor and became an indentured servant in the Caribbean, but he in fact he more likely came from a family of wealthy Welsh farmers. One of his uncles, Edward Morgan, was even Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica. He was born Harri Morgan in about 1635 in either Llanrumney or Pencarn in the then Welsh county of Monmouthshire. His name was first anglicised to Henry when he was knighted in 1674. However, not much else is known about his early life.…